About the Report

The State of Salmon Report 2025 is a broad-scale evaluation of the state of all six species of Pacific salmon found in British Columbia and the Yukon, Canada. This flagship publication from the Pacific Salmon Foundation takes a data-driven approach to summarizing the status and trends in regional abundance for each species of salmon in nine major salmon-bearing regions in western Canada. The report also identifies key factors that are influencing salmon abundance and identifies ways in which society can contribute to salmon recovery and resilience.

Why PSF?

The Pacific Salmon Foundation, founded in 1987, is a non-profit environmental organization dedicated to making transformational change for the benefit of Pacific salmon at every scale – from the smallest streams to the open ocean. We work with First Nations, Government, ENGO partners, industry, and all salmon supporters to achieve our vision of healthy, sustainable, and naturally diverse populations of Pacific salmon for the benefit of ecosystems and people for generations to come. By bringing together diverse representatives, we embolden big ideas and support long-term positive changes for salmon. We operate at the nexus of science and action, and this is where the State of Salmon Report fits in: raising public awareness and political will for salmon to influence evidence-based decision making.

Our approach to assessing the State of Salmon is based in Western science and offers a data-driven perspective on broad-scale status and trends. For many regions and species, the scientific record is relatively short and may not adequately represent changes in abundance that have undoubtedly occurred over centuries of colonization, settlement, and human development. However, these data represent a type of information that can be relatively easily compiled, analysed, and compared across broad spatial scales. We encourage readers to seek out additional sources of information about salmon in their area, in particular from local First Nations who often have deep intergenerational knowledge and relationships with salmon.

Technical Documentation

This Technical Documentation augments the high-level description of Methods on the State of Salmon website and provides detailed information on the data sources and methods used to assess the State of Salmon. The best way to cite this Technical Documentation is to reference the report itself:

Pacific Salmon Foundation (2025). State of Salmon 2025 Report. Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada. https://doi.org/10.60740/stateofsalmon.2025

Version notes

2.3 (November 14, 2025) - Updated to include revised total abundance data for Fraser Chinook (all run timing groups now included, not just spring/summer; Chuck Parken pers. comm.) and recently published data for Columbia sockeye (Ogden et al. 2025).

2.2 (October 6, 2025) - Updated description of Okanagan steelhead data to clarify that we include natural-origin spawners only in our assessment.

2.1 (September 24, 2025) - Original release of 2025 technical documentation.

More Information

Code and raw data are available in the state-of-salmon GitHub repository. Compiled data and output summary statistics on status and trends for each region and species are available for download in the Salmon Watershed Program’s Data Library.

Questions regarding data sources, analysis, and code can be directed to Stephanie Peacock ().

Methods

General Approach

We report spawner abundance for each of ten regions that represent all major Pacific salmon-bearing watersheds in Canada: Yukon, Northern Transboundary, Haida Gwaii, Nass, Skeena, Central Coast, Fraser, East Vancouver Island & Mainland Inlets, West Vancouver Island, and Columbia. These regions are also used to organize data in the Pacific Salmon Explorer. Note that there was a change from the 2024 Report to split the former Vancouver Island & Mainland Inlets region into two to better reflect the unique ecology and environments of salmon between West Vancouver Island and East Vancouver Island & Mainland Inlets. There are a relatively small number of Pacific salmon that spawn in the MacKenzie River basin in Arctic Canada that are currently not included in the State of Salmon report.

We report on six species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.): Chinook, chum, coho, pink, sockeye, and steelhead. For each species, we report on state and trends based on generational averages. For pink salmon, we take the running average of even- and odd-year lineages, but do not separate assessments of even- and odd-year pink populations as is sometimes done in status assessments due to their consistent 2-year life cycle. Our approach of using generation running averages also smooths over dominant years for sockeye salmon, for which many populations display cyclic dominance. Shifts in dominance between even- and odd-year pink populations or declines in sub-dominant years of sockeye salmon are considered in a more nuanced way in our reporting when discussing how changes in abundance have been reflected in the diversity and distribution of each species within the region.

For each of these species, where data are available, we construct an index of spawner abundance at the regional scale. We focus on spawner abundance because these data are more readily accessible and easily summarised at different spatial scales. Spawners represent the abundance of salmon available to reproduce and contribute to future generations, as well as to meet cultural and ecological needs within watersheds, and thus provides a measure of status relevant to communities and ecosystems. We recognize that commercial catch has historically been a substantial portion of salmon that return to the coast, and that ignoring declines in catch will underestimate the declines in overall salmon abundance. There is also increasing rates of pre-spawn mortality (i.e. mortality of salmon after their enter the river but before they successfully spawn) that mean that spawner abundance may be less than the number of fish that survive to maturity Therefore, where data are available, we include information on total abundance (i.e. the number of salmon that survive to maturity, calculated as spawners plus catch plus en route or pre-spawn mortality (where applicable)).

We have based our assessments on the best available data for each region and species. For example, stocks that are governed by international treaties may be monitored by the Pacific Salmon Commission (PSC), and tend to have reliable time series of abundance available at regional scales. These data sources are outlined in the Region-Specific Data section. For species and regions where aggregate abundance is not reported by the PSC or DFO at the scale needed, we adapted our approach to make the best use of available data. In most cases, this meant expanding spawner abundance from stream-level estimates to get a regional scale index of spawner abundance using two types of expansion factors (English et al. 2018). This expansion process is described in the Expansion Factors section.

Region-Specific Data Sources

Here we describe specific data sources for the abundance of salmon and steelhead at the regional scale.

Yukon

The Canadian portion of the Yukon River is home to Chinook, chum, and coho salmon. Border escapement and total abundance (i.e. run size) of Canadian-origin Chinook and fall chum salmon in the mainstem Yukon River are counted at the Eagle Sonar station on the Yukon/Alaska border, and are available from the Yukon River Panel in their Joint Technical Committee (JTC) Reports. Specifically, we used Chinook RR Spawning escapement estimate and RR Canadian origin total run size estimate from Appendix B11 of Yukon River Joint Technical Committee (2025). Canadian-origin fall chum spawner abundance was taken as the Spawning escapement estimate in Appendix B16 and total abundance as the Total estimated Canadian-origin run size from Appendix B20 of Yukon River Joint Technical Committee (2025).

There are also Chinook, chum, and coho salmon in the Canadian portion of the Porcupine River, which joins the mainstem Yukon River in Alaska. Data on escapement to the Porcupine River are more patchy and not currently included here.

Transboundary

The best-available information on salmon abundance in the Northern Transboundary region is from the PSC’s Joint Transboundary Technical Committee Reports. The most recent TTC report (Transboundary Technical Committee 2022) includes data through 2021. Updated report appendices were provided by Aaron Foos (DFO) on April 15, 2025 in advance of report publication, and numbers for 2023 and 2024 should be considered preliminary.

We recognize that our approach in the Transboundary lacks information from many un-monitored watersheds, in particular the smaller watersheds of the Chilkat, Unuk, and Whiting Rivers. In the absence of better monitoring, we choose to report available data as a proxy for regional abundance, and note that the contribution of these smaller watersheds to total regional abundance for each species is likely small.

Chinook

The regional spawner abundance and total return of Chinook was calculated as the sum of escapement and total return, respectively, to the Stikine, Alsek, and Taku indicator stocks. For each of these stocks, we used escapement and exploitation rates provided by the PSC’s Chinook Technical Committee as part of their Synoptic Evaluations of Stock Status. These data were downloaded from their Data Application. Total abundance was calculated from the escapement, \(E\), and exploitation rate, \(r\), as \(E/(1-r)\).

At the time of publication, the Synoptic Evaluations of Stock Status were not yet available for 2024 so we used the escapement estimates for Stikine, Alsek, and Taku Chinook from Table B2 of Appendix B - Detailed Escapement, available as a downloadable dataset from the Chinook Technical Committee. Canadian and US harvest of Chinook was provided by Aaron Foos (DFO) as updated tables from the Transboundary Technical Committee report. Specifically, harvest for Stikine Chinook from Table B12 and harvest of Taku Chinook from Table D8. Total harvest of Alsek Chinook was 235, provided by Teresa Wallace (DFO, pers. comm.): US Commercial: 187, US Subsistence: 8, CAN (Aboriginal): 40, CAN Recreational: 0 (No CAN recreational harvest permitted in 2024).

**Above:** Chinook salmon spawner abundance (open points) and total abundance (closed points) showing the breakdwon in the Alsek, Taku, and Stikine river basins.

Above: Chinook salmon spawner abundance (open points) and total abundance (closed points) showing the breakdwon in the Alsek, Taku, and Stikine river basins.

Coho

Coho spawner abundance and total abundance are available for the Taku River only, taken from Appendix D22 (Escapement and Terminal Run respectively) of the TTC updated report appendices.

Pink and Chum

Pink and chum salmon are less extensively monitored in the Transboundary, with ongoing escapement available only from the Canyon Island fish wheel on the Taku River. We used the index of escapement from the Canyon Island fish wheel as an index of regional spawner abundance for pink and chum (Transboundary Technical Committee 2022). There are some historical data for pink salmon spawner abundance in the Nakina River of the Taku watershed, but this location has not reported data since 1998 and thus we did not include this stream survey in our index of regional abundance.

Sockeye

Sockeye spawner abundance and total return were taken from the updated TTC report appendices. Specifically, Stikine sockeye spawner and total abundance were the Escapement/broodstock and Terminal Run, respectively, summed across the Stikine River (Appendix B26) and the Taku River (Appendix D17).

**Above:** Sockeye salmon spawner abundance (open points) and total abundance (closed points) in the Taku (red) and Stikine (blue).

Above: Sockeye salmon spawner abundance (open points) and total abundance (closed points) in the Taku (red) and Stikine (blue).

Steelhead

Steelhead trout have also been enumerated at the Canyon Island fish wheel since 1987, though recent estimates have been patchy and the timing of the fish wheel likely misses a substantial portion of the Taku summer run steelhead. Thus, we do not use the Canyon Island counts as an index of steelhead abundance.

Haida Gwaii

Chinook

The only availabel data for Chinook salmon in Haida Gwaii are from a single enumeration project on the Yakoun River. Although monitoring on the Yakoun has recently been restored, the most recent estimate for Yakoun Chinook that is publicly available is from 2006. We show Yakoun River spawner abundance up to 2006, but no estimates were available for the most recent generation making the current status for Haida Gwaii Chinook “Unknown”.

Other Species: Expansion Factors

For Haida Gwaii, we followed the Expansion Factors approach described below.We compared our expansion approach to estimates of escapement to Area 1 reported in the Northern Boundary Technical Committee (2023) (Appendix 30) but found the Area 1 estimates were much lower (except for Chinook, for which Appendix 30 matched the Yakoun River estimates exactly).

Chum
**Above:** (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC's Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 30) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Above: (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC’s Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 30) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Coho
**Above:** (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC's Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 30) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Above: (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC’s Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 30) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Pink
**Above:** (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC's Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 30) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Above: (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC’s Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 30) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Sockeye
**Above:** (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC's Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 30) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Above: (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC’s Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 30) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Nass

Chinook

Chinook spawners and total return were taken from the PSC’s Chinook Technical Committee (CTC) data sets and are reported on in Chinook Technical Committee (2025). Specifically, Nass River (Area 3) escapement and terminal run are provided in Table B3 (fields Esc and t.run respectively). In the figure below, these CTC estimates correspond closely to estimates of Nass Chinook available from the Nisga’a Fisheries Nass Stock Assessment Updates, especially in recent years. Historically, the Nisga’a estimates of total abundance tended to be higher than the CTC estimates.

Chum and Pink

Chum and pink salmon spawner abundances were expanded from available spawner surveys from 1950 to 1991, as described below in Expansion Factors. Note that the designation of indicator streams for the Nass region was based on English et al. (2018) rather than the indicator designation in NuSEDS. From 1992 to 2024, estimates of spawner and total abundance were provided in the 2024 post-season report from the Nisga’a Fisheries and Wildlife Department (Nisga’a Fisheries and Wildlife Department (2024)).

Coho

Nass coho escapement and total return were available from the Nisga’a Fisheries and Wildlife Department (Nisga’a Fisheries and Wildlife Department (2024)) for 1992 to 2024. These data closely matched previous estimates from English et al. (2023) used in the 2024 report. Spawner surveys in NuSEDS tended to generally underestimate spawner abudnance to the region, and were not used because other data were available.

Sockeye

Nass sockeye escapement and total return were derived from the Northern Boundary Sockeye Run Reconstruction (NBSRR) Model that estimates total escapement and total return for the Skeena and Nass Rivers (English et al. 2004; English et al. 2017). Specifically, we used fields TE (Total Escapement) and Total run for Area 3 sockeye from the 2022 update to the North and Central Coast (NCC) Salmon Database Version 2, maintained by LGL Ltd. with support from PSF (Challenger et al. 2018; English et al. 2018). For 2023 and 2024, we obtained the same model output from Nisga’a Fisheries and Wildlife Department (2024). As can be seen in the figure below, historical numbers from these two sources closely matched, giving us confidence that it was justifiable to combine the two sources.

Steelhead

The index of Nass steelhead spawner abundance and total return are for the Nass Summer CU, developed in collaboration with the Nisga’a Fish and Wildlife Department and LGL Ltd. Nisga’a Fisheries and Wildlife Department (2024). There is another steelhead CU in the Nass region - Nass Winter - which is not well monitored and therefore not included in our index of spawner abundance.

Skeena

Chinook

Chinook spawners were taken from the PSC’s Chinook Technical Committee (CTC) data sets and are reported on in Chinook Technical Committee (2025). Specifically, Skeena River (Area 4) escapement is provided in Table B3 (field GSI esc). There is no total return for the Skeena River provided in the CTC data sets.

Sockeye

Skeena sockeye escapement and total return were derived from the Northern Boundary Sockeye Run Reconstruction (NBSRR) Model that estimates total escapement and total return for the Skeena and Nass Rivers (English et al. 2004; English et al. 2017). Specifically, we used fields TE (Total Escapement) and Total run for Area 4 sockeye from the 2022 update to the North and Central Coast (NCC) Salmon Database Version 2, maintained by LGL Ltd. with support from PSF (Challenger et al. 2018; English et al. 2018). Data for 2023 were provided by Charmaine Carr-Harris (DFO) on request.

Steelhead

The index of Skeena steelhead spawner abundance is derived from estimated escapement of Skeena Summer steelhead at the Tyee Test Fishery (1956 - present), provided by the Province via email. As for other regions, these estimates may not capture winter-run steelhead, for which data are not available.

Other Species: Expansion Factors

Skeena chum, coho, and pink salmon spawner abundances in the Skeena were expanded from available spawner surveys, as described below in Expansion Factors. Note that the designation of indicator streams for the Skeena region was based on English et al. (2018) rather than the indicator designation in NuSEDS.

Chum
**Above:** (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC's Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 32) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Above: (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC’s Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 32) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Coho
**Above:** (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC's Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 32) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Above: (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC’s Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 32) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Pink
**Above:** (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC's Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 32) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Above: (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (teal) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. Alternative time series from the PSC’s Northern Boundary Technical Committee Report (Appendix 32) is shown in red. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade. See section on Expansion Factors below for further details.

Central Coast

Chinook

For Central Coast Chinook, the PSC’s Chinook Technical Committee (CTC) reported escapement for two indicator stocks on the Central Coast: the Atnarko River and Rivers Inlet (Chinook Technical Committee 2025). Rivers Inlet is monitored “using an index of escapements to the Wannock, Kilbella, and Chuckwalla rivers” (Chinook Technical Committee 2025). Because monitoring of Central Coast Chinook reported in NuSEDS has recently declined, expansions from spawner surveys are unreliable. As such, in 2025 we moved to using a composite indicator equal to the sum of the Atnarko River (Total esc.) and Rivers Inlet index reported by the CTC in Appendix Table B3.

**Above:** Comparison of Chinook escapements on the Central Coast.

Above: Comparison of Chinook escapements on the Central Coast.

Steelhead

There are two spawner surveys for Steelhead trout on the Central Coast that we report in the Pacific Salmon Explorer. However, these surveys have been patchy through time with the most recent estimates from 2016. Therefore, spawner abundance and total return for Central Coast steelhead was considered unknown.

Other Species: Expansion Factors

Estimates of spawner abundance for all other salmon species on the Central Coast were expanded from available spawner surveys, as described below in Expansion Factors. Monitoring and reporting of observed spawners on the Central Coast has declined in recent decades, thus requiring larger expansion factors to arrive at an area-wide estimate that can be compared through time. As such, estimates of spawner abundance for the Central Coast over the past decade are more uncertain and should be interpreted with caution.

Chum
**Above:** (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (red) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade.

Above: (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (red) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade.

Coho
**Above:** (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (red) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade.

Above: (a) Time series of spawner abundances showing raw sum of counts for indicator streams (red) and expanded estimates of spawner abudnance to indicator and non-indicator streams (black). This expanded time series is what is used to assess the current state and trends in spawner abundance for the region and species. (b) The values of Expansion Factor 1 that accounts for unmonitored indicator streams in a given year, and is calculated based on the proportional contribution of the unmonitored indicator stream(s) to the sum of all indicator streams in a (reference) decade.

Pink